Multiple haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in single naturally infected intermediate hosts

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by cryptic species complex belonging to the platyhelminth Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). This disease is distributed worldwide, with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) being the most widespread of the species. High genetic variability has been demonstrated within E. granulosus s.s. studying single cyst per infected animal identifying a number of different haplotypes. However, few studies have addressed the genetic diversity of this parasite within a single intermediate host with multiple Echinococcus cysts. To date, it remains unknown if specific haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. produce differences in biological features of the cyst. Here, we use the full length of the mitochondrial gene cox1 to determine E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes in samples from both cattle and sheep which harboured more than one cyst in different areas in Chile, where this parasite is endemic. We found 16 different haplotypes in 66 echinococcal cysts from 10 animals, and both cattle and sheep can harbour up to five different haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. in the same animal. Regarding cyst fertility, five animals had both fertile and infertile Echinococcus cysts in both single and multiple haplotype infections. There was no association between haplotype and cyst fertility, size, or adventitial layer characteristics. Sampling and sequencing every Echinococcus cyst found in the intermediate host reveals a high molecular variability. We speculate that multiple haplotype infections could also suggest that intermediate hosts come from hyperendemic areas.