Call cultures in orang-utans?

Wich, Serge A; Krützen, Michael; Lameira, Adriano R; Nater, Alexander; Arora, Natasha; Bastian, Meredith L; Meulman, Ellen; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C; Atmoko, S Suci Utami; Pamungkas, Joko; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Hardus, Madeleine E; van Noordwijk, Maria; van Schaik, Carel P

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036180

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Wich, S. A., Krützen, M., Lameira, A. R., Nater, A., Arora, N., Bastian, M. L., Meulman, E., Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., Atmoko, S. S. U., Pamungkas, J., Perwitasari-Farajallah, D., Hardus, M. E., van Noordwijk, M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2012). Call cultures in orang-utans? PLoS ONE, 7(5), e36180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036180

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Several studies suggested great ape cultures, arguing that human cumulative culture presumably evolved from such a foundation. These focused on conspicuous behaviours, and showed rich geographic variation, which could not be attributed to known ecological or genetic differences. Although geographic variation within call types (accents) has previously been reported for orang-utans and other primate species, we examine geographic variation in the presence/absence of discrete call types (dialects). Because orang-utans have be