Nickel-Containing Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates as Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts: Photochemical Structure-Activity Relationships

Abstract

In search of structure–activity relationships for polyoxometalate (POM)-based water reduction catalysts, nickel-monosubstituted Keggin-type POMs ([Ni(H2O)XW11O39]n−; X[DOUBLE BOND]P, Si, Ge) were compared with respect to their activity in photochemical hydrogen evolution. The title compound series was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods and a wide range of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Nickel substitution was identified as a crucial feature for catalytic activity through comparison with nickel-free reference POMs. Furthermore, turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency strongly depended on the heteroatom X, and the highest TON among the series was recorded for [Ni(H2O)GeW11O39]6−. Photochemical hydrogen evolution activity was compared with redox and onset potentials obtained from electrochemical analyses. Furthermore, activity trends were correlated with electronic structure properties derived from density functional theory calculations.