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Three-Dimensional Printed Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitutes Designed by a Novel Periodic Minimal Surface Algorithm Are Highly Osteoconductive

Maevskaia, Ekaterina; Khera, Nupur; Ghayor, Chafik; Bhattacharya, Indranil; Guerrero, Julien; Nicholls, Flora; Waldvogel, Christian; Bärtschi, Ralph; Fritschi, Lea; Salamon, Dániel; Özcan, Mutlu; Malgaroli, Patrick; Seiler, Daniel; de Wild, Michael; Weber, Franz E (2023). Three-Dimensional Printed Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitutes Designed by a Novel Periodic Minimal Surface Algorithm Are Highly Osteoconductive. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 10(5):905-916.

Abstract

Autologous bone remains the gold standard bone substitute in clinical practice. Therefore, the microarchitecture of newly developed synthetic bone substitutes, which reflects the spatial distribution of materials in the scaffold, aims to recapitulate the natural bone microarchitecture. However, the natural bone microarchitecture is optimized to obtain a mechanically stable, lightweight structure adapted to the biomechanical loading situation. In the context of synthetic bone substitutes, the application of a Triply Periodic Minimum Surface (TPMS) algorithm can yield stable lightweight microarchitectures that, despite their demanding architectural complexity, can be produced by additive manufacturing. In this study, we applied the TPMS derivative Adaptive Density Minimal Surfaces (ADMS) algorithm to produce scaffolds from hydroxyapatite (HA) using a lithography-based layer-by-layer methodology and compared them with an established highly osteoconductive lattice microarchitecture. We characterized them for compression strength, osteoconductivity, and bone regeneration. The in vivo results, based on a rabbit calvaria defect model, showed that bony ingrowth into ADMS constructs as a measure of osteoconduction depended on minimal constriction as it limited the maximum apparent pore diameter in these scaffolds to 1.53 mm. Osteoconduction decreased significantly at a diameter of 1.76 mm. The most suitable ADMS microarchitecture was as osteoconductive as a highly osteoconductive orthogonal lattice microarchitecture in noncritical- and critical-size calvarial defects. However, the compression strength and microarchitectural integrity in vivo were significantly higher for scaffolds with their microarchitecture based on the ADMS algorithm when compared with high-connectivity lattice microarchitectures. Therefore, bone substitutes with high osteoconductivity can be designed with the advantages of the ADMS-based microarchitectures. As TPMS and ADMS microarchitectures are true lightweight structures optimized for high mechanical stability with a minimal amount of material, such microarchitectures appear most suitable for bone substitutes used in clinical settings to treat bone defects in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing sites.

Additional indexing

Item Type:Journal Article, refereed, original work
Communities & Collections:04 Faculty of Medicine > Center for Dental Medicine > Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry
04 Faculty of Medicine > Center for Dental Medicine > Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
04 Faculty of Medicine > Center for Dental Medicine > Clinic for Masticatory Disorders
Dewey Decimal Classification:610 Medicine & health
Uncontrolled Keywords:Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Materials Science (miscellaneous)
Language:English
Date:1 October 2023
Deposited On:01 Dec 2022 08:17
Last Modified:28 Oct 2024 02:39
Publisher:Mary Ann Liebert
ISSN:2329-7662
OA Status:Hybrid
Free access at:Publisher DOI. An embargo period may apply.
Publisher DOI:https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2022.0134
PubMed ID:37886403
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  • Language: English
  • Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

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