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Do ingredient and nutrient intake reveal individual dietary specialization in an omnivorous carnivore, the brown bear?

De Cuyper, Annelies; Strubbe, Diederik; Clauss, Marcus; Lens, Luc; Zedrosser, Andreas; Steyaert, Sam M J G; Kopatz, Alexander; Janssens, Geert P J (2025). Do ingredient and nutrient intake reveal individual dietary specialization in an omnivorous carnivore, the brown bear? Wildlife Biology, 2025(2):e01305.

Abstract

Generalist populations often harbor individual dietary specialists. Whether using a narrower set of resources than the population (= specialization) affects specialists' nutrient intake remains underexplored. We evaluated variation in ingredient and nutrient specialization in a European brown bear Ursus arctos population via the Proportional Similarity Index (PSi, from 0 = highly specialized to 1 = not specialized) and assessed associations of specialization with year, season and reproductive class. Different methodologies concerning the organization of raw data for PSi calculations were evaluated (i.e. the resolution of diet compositional data (feces vs the average of all feces per individual) and temporal restrictions for the population (year‐round vs within‐season). Overall, a tendency for ingredient specialization (PSi 0.37 ± 0.14) and absence of nutrient specialization (PSi 0.79 ± 0.10) was observed. Ingredient specialization was mainly influenced by the proportion of berries, graminoids, oats and moose in the diet. Annual, seasonal and reproductive class effects were moderate and did not strongly affect PSi for both ingredients and nutrients. Organizing diet compositional data from a ‘feces resolution' to ‘individual resolution' decreased specialization. Changing the comparative population in PSi calculations from ‘all‐year‐round' to ‘within year and season' also resulted in less pronounced specialization. The degree of specialization was not caused by individuals exhibiting consistent ingredient preferences over the years (low repeatability of PSi) except in spring. Our results suggested absence of nutrient specialization and mild ingredient specialization, which appeared to be an outcome of the ecological circumstances rather than specific individual traits. Additionally, we demonstrated that the methods applied can have substantial influence for the calculation of specialization indices.

Additional indexing

Item Type:Journal Article, refereed, original work
Communities & Collections:05 Vetsuisse Faculty > Veterinary Clinic > Department of Small Animals
Dewey Decimal Classification:630 Agriculture
570 Life sciences; biology
Scopus Subject Areas:Life Sciences > Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Physical Sciences > Nature and Landscape Conservation
Physical Sciences > Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Language:English
Date:March 2025
Deposited On:05 Jul 2024 07:53
Last Modified:14 Mar 2025 05:57
Publisher:Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
ISSN:0909-6396
OA Status:Gold
Free access at:Publisher DOI. An embargo period may apply.
Publisher DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01305
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  • Content: Published Version
  • Language: English
  • Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

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