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Words versus Strands: Reliability and Stability of Concordance Rates of Self-Reported and Hair-Analyzed Substance Use of Young Adults over Time

Janousch, Clarissa; Eggenberger, Lukas; Steinhoff, Annekatrin; Johnson-Ferguson, Lydia; Bechtiger, Laura; Loher, Michelle; Ribeaud, Denis; Eisner, Manuel; Baumgartner, Markus R; Binz, Tina Maria; Shanahan, Lilly; Quednow, Boris B (2024). Words versus Strands: Reliability and Stability of Concordance Rates of Self-Reported and Hair-Analyzed Substance Use of Young Adults over Time. European Addiction Research:Epub ahead of print.

Abstract

Introduction: Population-level substance use research primarily relies on self-reports, which often underestimate actual use. Hair analyses offer a more objective estimate; however, longitudinal studies examining concordance are lacking. Previous studies showed that specific psychological and behavioral characteristics are associated with a higher likelihood of underreporting substance use, but the longitudinal stability of these associations remains unclear. We compared the prevalence of illegal and non-medical prescription substance use assessed with self-reports and hair analyses and predicted underreporting across two time points.
Methods: Data were drawn from a community cohort study. At the first time point, the sample with self-report and hair analysis comprised 1,002 participants (Mage = 20.6 [SD = 0.38] years, 50.2% female), of which 761 (Mage = 24.5 [SD = 0.38] years, 48.3% female) also provided hair at the second time point. We compared substance use 3-month prevalence rates assessed by self-reports and hair analyses for the most frequent substances cannabis/tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), amphetamines, Ecstasy/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, ketamine, codeine, and opioid painkillers. Binary logistic regressions were conducted to test behavioral and psychological predictors of underreporting.
Results: Self-reported past-year prevalence rates of non-medical substance use were high, specifically for cannabis (56% prevalence rate at age 20/49% at age 24), Ecstasy (13%/14%), codeine (13%/11%), cocaine (12%/13%), and opioid painkillers (4%/11%). Comparing self-report and hair-analysis 3-month prevalence rates over time, consistent underreporting (similar underreporting rates between time points and investigation of false negatives) was observed for daily cannabis (22%/23%), Ecstasy/MDMA (41%/52%), cocaine (30%/60%), ketamine (61%/72%), and codeine use (48%/51%). Underreporting of Ecstasy/MDMA, cocaine, ketamine, and opioid painkillers significantly increased. Contrarily, weekly to daily cannabis (31%/18%), amphetamine (95%/11%), and opioid painkiller use (12%/66%) were overreported. Hair analysis-derived 3-month prevalence rates of cocaine (9%/23%) and ketamine (2%/6%) strongly increased over time, while decreasing for codeine (11%/8%). Balanced accuracies were higher for hair analysis compared to self-reports for daily cannabis, Ecstasy/MDMA, cocaine, ketamine, and codeine but lower for weekly to daily cannabis and amphetamines, while fairly similar for opioid painkillers. Accuracy metrics were largely stable for cannabis measures but partially varied over time for other substances, which was likely driven by the large changes in underreporting. False negative reports were associated across both time points, indicating an intra-individual consistency of underreporting. At both time points, delinquency and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were associated with an increased likelihood of accurately reporting cocaine use, while internalizing symptoms increased the likelihood of accurately reporting codeine use.
Conclusion: Consistent and changeable underreporting emphasizes the importance of objective substance use assessments, specifically for studies investigating cocaine, Ecstasy/MDMA, ketamine, and codeine.

Additional indexing

Item Type:Journal Article, refereed, original work
Communities & Collections:04 Faculty of Medicine > Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich > Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics
06 Faculty of Arts > Institute of Psychology
06 Faculty of Arts > Institute of Sociology
06 Faculty of Arts > Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development
04 Faculty of Medicine > Institute of Legal Medicine
Dewey Decimal Classification:610 Medicine & health
Scopus Subject Areas:Health Sciences > Medicine (miscellaneous)
Social Sciences & Humanities > Health (social science)
Health Sciences > Psychiatry and Mental Health
Uncontrolled Keywords:Addiction, Hair toxicology, Validity, Prevention, Risk
Language:English
Date:19 November 2024
Deposited On:09 Dec 2024 13:44
Last Modified:23 Jan 2025 21:36
Publisher:Karger
ISSN:1022-6877
OA Status:Hybrid
Free access at:Publisher DOI. An embargo period may apply.
Publisher DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000541713
PubMed ID:39561726
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  • Language: English
  • Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

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