Maternal Behavior in Sumatran Orangutans ($Pongo$ $abelii$) is Modulated by Mother-Offspring Characteristics and Socioecological Factors

Revathe, T; Mundry, Roger; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suci; Perawati, Deana; Bürkner, Paul-Christian; van Noordwijk, Maria A; Schuppli, Caroline

doi:10.1007/s10764-024-00435-5

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Revathe, T., Mundry, R., Utami-Atmoko, S. S., Perawati, D., Bürkner, P.-C., van Noordwijk, M. A., & Schuppli, C. (2024). Maternal Behavior in Sumatran Orangutans ($Pongo$ $abelii$) is Modulated by Mother-Offspring Characteristics and Socioecological Factors. International Journal of Primatology, 45(5), 1021–1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00435-5

Abstract

Mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring to maximize their lifetime fitness. Flexible maternal investment may be particularly important in large-brained species with prolonged maternal care, e.g., in great apes. We investigated the effects of socioecological factors and mother–offspring characteristics on nine maternal behaviors in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii; N = 22 mother-offspring pairs; >11,200 hr of focal data from 2007–2022) using generalized linear mixed models. The behaviors fall under four maternal func