Publication:

Neglected heterogeneity, Simpson’s paradox, and the anatomy of least squares

Date

Date

Date
2023
Working Paper

Citations

Citation copied

Winkelmann, R. (2023). Neglected heterogeneity, Simpson’s paradox, and the anatomy of least squares (No. 426; Working Paper Series / Department of Economics).

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

When a sample combines data from two or more groups, multivariate regression yields a matrix-weighted average of the group-specific coefficient vectors. However, it is possible that the weighted average of a specific coefficient falls outside the range of the group-specific coefficients, and it may even have a different sign compared to both group-level coefficients, a manifestation of Simpson's paradox. The result of the combined regression is then prone to misinterpretation. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of this pr

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2 since deposited on 2023-01-31
Acq. date: 2025-11-12

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Creators (Authors)

Series Name

Series Name

Series Name
Working paper series / Department of Economics

Institution

Institution

Institution

Item Type

Item Type

Item Type
Working Paper

Dewey Decimal Classifikation

Dewey Decimal Classifikation

Dewey Decimal Classifikation

JEL Classification

JEL Classification

JEL Classification
C21

Keywords

Covariance-weighting, heterogeneity spillover, non-convex average, average treatment effect

Scope

Scope

Scope
Discipline-based scholarship (basic research)

Language

Language

Language
English

Publication date

Publication date

Publication date
2023-07

Date available

Date available

Date available
2023-01-31

Number of pages

Number of pages

Number of pages
20

ISSN or e-ISSN

ISSN or e-ISSN

ISSN or e-ISSN
1664-7041

Additional Information

Additional Information

Additional Information
Revised version ; Former title: Neglected heterogeneity and the algebra of least squares

OA Status

OA Status

OA Status
Green

Other Identification Number

Other Identification Number

Other Identification Number
merlin-id:23235

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2 since deposited on 2023-01-31
Acq. date: 2025-11-12

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1 since deposited on 2023-01-31
Acq. date: 2025-11-12

Citations

Citations

Citation copied

Winkelmann, R. (2023). Neglected heterogeneity, Simpson’s paradox, and the anatomy of least squares (No. 426; Working Paper Series / Department of Economics).

Green Open Access
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